1) No
2) What do you mean "should"? I think people have a right to know, but I also believe there are some things that simply cannot be known.
3) Sure, given powerful enough technology, which we'll have sooner or later.
4) I accept the possibility, but I don't think there's any way of knowing for sure, save "divine intervention".
5) Again, I accept the possibility.
6) Once again, I accept the possibility.
7) Beauty is itself too subjective a term. It's a word, which bears interpretation.
8) Absolutely.
9) Pursue, but not enforce. I ain't no communist, hurf. To an extent, assistance must be mandated, but never to the point where all are forced to the same level.
10) Absolutely not. It makes no sense whatsoever.
11) If it's indistinguishable from a carrot, then for all intents and purposes that's what it is, even if in some meta-universe/higher dimension it is something else; if it doesn't affect our perception, then to us it doesn't matter.

hth